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Introduction to Python

Table of Contents

Chapter 34 - Sets in Python

  • Authors
  • Ms. Samavi Salman
  • Dr. Rao Muhammad Adeel Nawab
  • Supporting Material

Quick Recap

  • Quick Recap – Tuple in Python

In previous Chapter, I presented

  • Tuple
    • Definition
      • Tuples are core data structures in Python that can store an ordered sequence of items
      • Individual values in a tuple are called items. Tuples can store values of any data type
    • Syntax
      • A Tuple can be declared using two methods
        • Method 1: Use ()
        • Method 2: Use tuple() Built in Function
    • Declaring an Empty Tuple
      • Declare an Empty Tuple using the following two Methods
        • Method 1: Use ()
        • Method 2: Use tuple() Built in Function
    • Initializing a Tuple
      • Initialize a Tuple using the following two Methods
        • Method 1: Building a Complete Tuple
        • Method 2: Building a Tuple Incrementally
  • Accessing Elements of a Tuple
    • There are three methods to access element(s) of a Tuple
      • Method 1 – Access Element(s) of a Tuple using Indexing
      • Method 2 – Access Element(s) of a Tuple using Negative Indexing
      • Method 3 – Access Element(s) of a Tuple using Slicing
  • Operations on Tuple
    • Operation 1 – Creation
    • Operation 2 – Insertion
    • Operation 3 – Traversal
    • Operation 4 – Searching
    • Operation 5 – Sorting
    • Operation 6 – Merging
    • Operation 7 – Updation
    • Operation 8 – Deletion
  • Nested Tuple
    • Definition
      • A Nest Tuple is a Tuple of Tuple(s)
  • Access Elements of a Nested Tuple
    • You can access individual items in a Nested Tuple using multiple indexes
  • Add Elements in a Nested Tuple
    • Add element(s) in a Nested Tuple using
      • Method 1 – Add a New Element at the Start of a Nested Tuple
      • Method 2 – Add a New Element at the End of a Nested Tuple
      • Method 3 – Add a New Element at a Desired Location of a Nested Tuple
  • Methods to Traverse a Tuple
    • Traverse a Tuple
      • Method 1: Traversing an Entire Nested Tuple
      • Method 2: Traversing a Nested Tuple (Element by Element)
  • Update Elements of a Nested Tuple
    • The value of a specific item in a Nested Tuple is unchanged even if it is converted into a List. As Tuple are immutable.
  • Remove Elements from a Nested Tuple
    • There are three methods to remove element(s) in a Nested Tuple
      • Method 1 – Remove a New Element at the Start of a Nested Tuple
      • Method 2 – Remove a New Element at the End of a Nested Tuple
      • Method 3 – Remove a New Element at a Desired Location of a Nested Tuple

Basics of Sets

  • Sets
  • Definition
    • The set—an unordered and unindexed collection of unique and immutable objects that supports operations corresponding to mathematical set theory. An item appears only once in a set, no matter how many times it is added
  • Purpose
    • A set is an unordered collection of items.
      • Every set element is unique (no duplicates) and must be immutable (cannot be changed). However, a set itself is mutable. We can add or remove items from it.
      • Sets are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
    • Importance
      • Set operations have a variety of common uses, some more practical than mathematical.
        • Filter duplicates out of other collections
        • Keep track of where you’ve already been when traversing a graph or other cyclic structure.
        • They are important in mathematics. Because every field of mathematics uses or refers to sets in some way. They are important for building more complex mathematical structure.
      • Advantages
        • Because sets cannot have multiple occurrences of the same element, it makes sets highly useful to efficiently remove duplicate values from a tuple and to perform common math operations like unions and intersections.
        • The major advantage of using a set is that it has a highly optimized method for checking whether a specific element is contained in the set.
        • This is based on a data structure known as a hash table.
      • Disadvantage
        • Since sets are unordered, we cannot access items using indexes
      • Characteristics
        • Set object contains one or more items, not necessarily of the same type, which are separated by a comma and enclosed in curly brackets {}.
        • The elements in the set cannot be duplicates.
        • The elements in the set are immutable(cannot be modified) but the set as a whole is mutable.
        • There is no index attached to any element in a python set. So they do not support any indexing or slicing operation.
        • The order of elements in the set is not necessarily the same as the order given at the time of assignment. Python optimizes the structure of a set for performing operations over it, as defined in mathematics.
      • Examples
        • Kitchen, Set of crockery
        • School Bag, Set of Books
        • Universe, Set of Galaxies and Stars
        • Shopping Malls, Set of Food Items, Set of HouseHold etc.
        • Wardrobe – Set of Clothes
  • Array vs. List vs. Tuple vs. Set vs. Dictionary
Collection
Order
Changeable
Duplicate
Nesting
Array OrderedChangeableAllows Duplicate MembersAllows Nesting
ListOrdered ChangeableAllows Duplicate MembersAllows Nesting
TupleOrdered UnchangeableAllows Duplicate MembersAllows Nesting
Set Unordered and Unindexed ChangeableNo Duplicate MembersAllows Nesting
Dictionary Ordered ChangeableNo Duplicate MembersAllows Nesting

 

Declaring a Set

  • Set Declaration
  • A Set can be declared using two methods
    • Method 1: Use {}
    • Method 2: Use set() Function
  • In Sha Allah, in next Slides, I will present both methods in detail
  • Syntax - Method 1 (Use {})
  • The Syntax to declare a Set using {} is as follows
				
					SET_NAME = {
               <value>,
               <value>,
               <value>,
                  .
                  .
                  .
               <value>,
               <value>,
               <value>
           }
  • Syntax – Method 2 (Use set() Function)
  • The Syntax to declare a Set using set() Built in Function is as follows
				
					SET_NAME = set((
                  <value1>,
                  <value2>,
                  <value3>,
      		    .
      		    .
      		    .
                  <value-N-2>,
                  <value-N-1>
            ))

Declaring an Empty Set

  • Declaring an Empty Set
  • In Sha Allah, in the next Slides, I will show how to declare an Empty Set using the following two Methods
    • Method 1: Use {}
    • Method 2: Use set() Built in Function
  • Example 1 – Declaring an Empty Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Declaring an Empty Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to declare an empty set using {} and set() Function
'''

try:
    # Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}
    print("---Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}---")    
    
    # Declare an Empty Set
    car_companies_1 = {}
        
    # Display Data Values of a Set
    print("Data Values of Set:", car_companies_1)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Set using type() Function    
    print("Data-Type of Set:", type(car_companies_1))

    # Display Length of a Set using len() Function
    print("Length of Set:", len(car_companies_1))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")

print("---------------------------------------------------------")

try:
    # Declare an Empty Set - Method 2: Use set() Function
    print("---Declare an Empty Set - Use set() Function---")    

    # Declare an Empty Set
    car_companies_2 = set()    

    # Display Data Values of a Set
    print("Data Values of Set:", car_companies_2)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Set using type() Function
    print("Data-Type of Set:", type(car_companies_2))
    
    # Display Length of a Set using len() Function
    print("Length of Set:", len(car_companies_2))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}---
Data Values of Set: {}
Data-Type of Set: <class 'dict'>
Length of Set: 0
---------------------------------------------------------
---Declare an Empty Set - Use set() Function---
Data Values of Set: set()
Data-Type of Set: <class 'set'>
Length of Set: 0
  • Example 1 - Variable Initialization vs Array Initialization 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Declaring an Empty Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to declare an empty set using {} and set() Function
'''

try:
    # Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}
    print("---Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}---")    
    
    # Declare an Empty Set
    prime_numbers_1 = {}
        
    # Display Data Values of a Set
    print("Data Values of Set:", prime_numbers_1)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Set using type() Function    
    print("Data-Type of Set:", type(prime_numbers_1))

    # Display Length of a Set using len() Function
    print("Length of Set:", len(prime_numbers_1))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")

print("---------------------------------------------------------")

try:
    # Declare an Empty Set - Method 2: Use set() Function
    print("---Declare an Empty Set - Use set() Function---")    

    # Declare an Empty Set
    prime_numbers_2 = set()    

    # Display Data Values of a Set
    print("Data Values of Set:", prime_numbers_2)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Set using type() Function
    print("Data-Type of Set:", type(prime_numbers_2))
    
    # Display Length of a Set using len() Function
    print("Length of Set:", len(prime_numbers_2))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}---
Data Values of Set: {}
Data-Type of Set: <class 'dict'>
Length of Set: 0
---------------------------------------------------------
---Declare an Empty Set - Use set() Function---
Data Values of Set: set()
Data-Type of Set: <class 'set'>
Length of Set: 0
  • Example 3 - Variable Initialization vs Array Initialization 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Declaring an Empty Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to declare an empty set using {} and set() Function
'''

try:
    # Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}
    print("---Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}---")    
    
    # Declare an Empty Set
    vowels_1 = {}
        
    # Display Data Values of a Set
    print("Data Values of Set:", vowels_1)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Set using type() Function    
    print("Data-Type of Set:", type(vowels_1))

    # Display Length of a Set using len() Function
    print("Length of Set:", len(vowels_1))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")

print("---------------------------------------------------------")

try:
    # Declare an Empty Set - Method 2: Use set() Function
    print("---Declare an Empty Set - Use set() Function---")    

    # Declare an Empty Set
    vowels_2= set()    

    # Display Data Values of a Set
    print("Data Values of Set:", vowels_2)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Set using type() Function
    print("Data-Type of Set:", type(vowels_2))
    
    # Display Length of a Set using len() Function
    print("Length of Set:", len(vowels_2))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}---
Data Values of Set: {}
Data-Type of Set: <class 'dict'>
Length of Set: 0
---------------------------------------------------------
---Declare an Empty Set - Use set() Function---
Data Values of Set: set()
Data-Type of Set: <class 'set'>
Length of Set: 0

Initializing a Set

  • Initializing a Set
  • In Sha Allah, in the next Slides, I will show how to initialize a Set using the following two Methods
    • Method 1: Building a Complete Set
    • Method 2: Building a Set Incrementally

Initializing a Set - Method 1: Building a Complete Set

  • Initializing a Set - Method 1: Building a Complete Set
  • In Sha Allah, I will build a complete set using two Approaches
    • Approach 1: Use {}
    • Approach 2: Use set() Built in Function
  • Example 1 – Initializing a Set - Method 1: Building a Complete Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Initialize a Set
programming_language 	= Python	
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to initialize a complete set and display its content (data values) on the Output Screen
'''

try:
    # Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}
    print("---Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}---")    
    
    # Declare an Empty Set
    car_companies_1 = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}
        
    # Display Data Values of a Set
    print("Data Values of Set:", car_companies_1)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Set using type() Function    
    print("Data-Type of Set:", type(car_companies_1))

    # Display Length of a Set using len() Function
    print("Length of Set:", len(car_companies_1))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")

print("---------------------------------------------------------")

try:
    # Declare an Empty Set - Method 2: Use set() Function
    print("---Declare an Empty Set - Use set() Function---")    

    # Declare an Empty Set
    car_companies_2 = set(('Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'))   

    # Display Data Values of a Set
    print("Data Values of Set:", car_companies_2)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Set using type() Function
    print("Data-Type of Set:", type(car_companies_2))
    
    # Display Length of a Set using len() Function
    print("Length of Set:", len(car_companies_2))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}---
Data Values of Set: {'Toyota', 'Kia', 'Hyundai', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Changan'}
Data-Type of Set: <class 'set'>
Length of Set: 6
---------------------------------------------------------
---Declare an Empty Set - Use set() Function---
Data Values of Set: {'Toyota', 'Kia', 'Hyundai', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Changan'}
Data-Type of Set: <class 'set'>
Length of Set: 6
  • Example 2 – Initializing a Set - Method 1: Building a Complete Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Initialize a Set
programming_language 	= Python	
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to initialize a complete set and display its content (data values) on the Output Screen
'''

try:
    # Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}
    print("---Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}---")    
    
    # Declare an Empty Set
    prime_numbers_1 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
        
    # Display Data Values of a Set
    print("Data Values of Set:", prime_numbers_1)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Set using type() Function    
    print("Data-Type of Set:", type(prime_numbers_1))

    # Display Length of a Set using len() Function
    print("Length of Set:", len(prime_numbers_1))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")

print("---------------------------------------------------------")

try:
    # Declare an Empty Set - Method 2: Use set() Function
    print("---Declare an Empty Set - Use set() Function---")    

    # Declare an Empty Set
    prime_numbers_2 = set((2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19))    

    # Display Data Values of a Set
    print("Data Values of Set:", prime_numbers_2)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Set using type() Function
    print("Data-Type of Set:", type(prime_numbers_2))
    
    # Display Length of a Set using len() Function
    print("Length of Set:", len(prime_numbers_2))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}---
Data Values of Set: {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
Data-Type of Set: <class 'set'>
Length of Set: 8
---------------------------------------------------------
---Declare an Empty Set - Use set() Function---
Data Values of Set: {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
Data-Type of Set: <class 'set'>
Length of Set: 8
  • Example 3 – Initializing a Set - Method 1: Building a Complete Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Initialize a Set
programming_language 	= Python	
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to initialize a complete set and display its content (data values) on the Output Screen
'''

try:
    # Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}
    print("---Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}---")    
    
    # Declare an Empty Set
    vowels_1 = { 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'}
        
    # Display Data Values of a Set
    print("Data Values of Set:", vowels_1)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Set using type() Function    
    print("Data-Type of Set:", type(vowels_1))

    # Display Length of a Set using len() Function
    print("Length of Set:", len(vowels_1))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")

print("---------------------------------------------------------")

try:
    # Declare an Empty Set - Method 2: Use set() Function
    print("---Declare an Empty Set - Use set() Function---")    

    # Declare an Empty Set
    vowels_2= set(('a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'))    

    # Display Data Values of a Set
    print("Data Values of Set:", vowels_2)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Set using type() Function
    print("Data-Type of Set:", type(vowels_2))
    
    # Display Length of a Set using len() Function
    print("Length of Set:", len(vowels_2))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Declare an Empty Set - Method 1: Use {}---
Data Values of Set: {'u', 'o', 'e', 'i', 'a'}
Data-Type of Set: <class 'set'>
Length of Set: 5
---------------------------------------------------------
---Declare an Empty Set - Use set() Function---
Data Values of Set: {'u', 'o', 'e', 'i', 'a'}
Data-Type of Set: <class 'set'>
Length of Set: 5

Initializing a Set - Method 2: Building a Set Incrementally

  • Initializing a Set - Method 2: Building a Set Incrementally
  • In Sha Allah, in this Example, we will show how to Initialize a Set using following approach:
    • Approach 1: Use add() Built-in Function
  • Example 1 - Initializing a Set – Method 2: Building a Set Incrementally 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Initialize a Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to initialize a set incrementally and display its content (data values) on the Output Screen
'''

try:
    # Set Initialization using {}
    print("---Initialize a Set - Use {}---")    

    car_companies = {''}

    # Before Adding Elements in Set
    print("Before Adding Elements in Set \n", car_companies)

    # Building a Set Incrementally
    car_companies.add('Changan')
    car_companies.add('Suzuki')
    car_companies.add('Honda')
    car_companies.add('Toyota')
    car_companies.add('Hyundai')
    car_companies.add('Kia')

    # After Adding Elements in Set
    print("After Adding Elements in Set \n", car_companies)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Initialize a Set - Use {}---
Before Adding Elements in Set 
 {''}
After Adding Elements in Set 
 {'', 'Hyundai', 'Changan', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Suzuki', 'Kia'}
  • Example 2 - Initializing a Set – Method 2: Building a Set Incrementally 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Initialize a Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to initialize a set incrementally and display its content (data values) on the Output Screen
'''

try:
    # Set Initialization using {}
    print("---Initialize a Set - Use {}---")    

    prime_numbers = {''}

    # Before Adding Elements in Set
    print("Before Adding Elements in Set \n", prime_numbers)

    # Building a Set Incrementally
    prime_numbers.add(2)
    prime_numbers.add(3)
    prime_numbers.add(5)
    prime_numbers.add(7)
    prime_numbers.add(11)
    prime_numbers.add(13)
    prime_numbers.add(17)
    prime_numbers.add(19)

    # After Adding Elements in Set
    print("After Adding Elements in Set \n", prime_numbers)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Initialize a Set - Use {}---
Before Adding Elements in Set 
 {''}
After Adding Elements in Set 
 {'', 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
  • Example 3 - Initializing a Set – Method 2: Building a Set Incrementally 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Initialize a Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to initialize a set incrementally and display its content (data values) on the Output Screen
'''

try:
    # Set Initialization using {}
    print("---Initialize a Set - Use {}---")    

    vowels = {''}

    # Before Adding Elements in Set
    print("Before Adding Elements in Set \n", vowels)

    # Building a Set Incrementally
    vowels.add('a')
    vowels.add('e')
    vowels.add('i')
    vowels.add('o')
    vowels.add('u')

    # After Adding Elements in Set
    print("After Adding Elements in Set \n", vowels)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")

				
			
				
					---Initialize a Set - Use {}---
Before Adding Elements in Set 
 {''}
After Adding Elements in Set 
 {'', 'o', 'a', 'u', 'e', 'i'}

TODO and Your Turn

Accessing Elements of a Set

  • Access Element(s) of a Set
  • We cannot access individual values in a set. We can only access all the elements together by looping through the set
  • Example 1 - Access Element(s) of a Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Access Element(s) of Sets 
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to access element(s) of a Set
'''

try:  
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}

    # Access Element(s) of a Set by Iterating through Elements Altogether
    print("---Access Element(s) of a Set by Iterating through Elements---")

    for elements in car_companies:
        print(elements)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Access Element(s) of a Set by Iterating through Elements---
Suzuki
Honda
Changan
Toyota
Kia
Hyundai
  • Example 2 - Access Element(s) of a Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Access Element(s) of Sets 
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to access element(s) of a Set
'''

try:  
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}

    # Access Element(s) of a Set by Iterating through Elements Altogether
    print("---Access Element(s) of a Set by Iterating through Elements---")

    for elements in prime_numbers:
        print(elements)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Access Element(s) of a Set by Iterating through Elements---
2
3
5
7
11
13
17
19
  • Example 3 - Access Element(s) of a Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Access Element(s) of Sets 
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to access element(s) of a Set
'''

try:  
    vowels = { 'a','e','i','o','u'}

    # Access Element(s) of a Set by Iterating through Elements Altogether
    print("---Access Element(s) of a Set by Iterating through Elements---")

    for elements in vowels:
        print(elements)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Access Element(s) of a Set by Iterating through Elements---
e
a
u
i
o

TODO and Your Turn

Operations on Sets

Operation 1 – Creation

  • Methods to Create a Sets
  • I have already presented methods to create a Set in the previous Section i.e.,
    • Sets Initialization

Operation 2 – Insertion

  • Methods to Add Element(s) in a Set
  • Sets are unordered
    • Unordered means when we display the elements of a set, it will come out in a random order
  • In Sha Allah, in next Slides, I will present a method to add element(s) in a Set
    • Method 1 – Add New Element(s) in a Set using add() Function
  • add() Function
  • Function Name
    • add()
  • Syntax
				
					set.add(obj)
  • Purpose
    • The main purpose of add() Function is to
      • add data value(s) in a Set

Add a New Element in a Set using add() Function

  • Example 1 - Add a New Element in a Set using add() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Add a New Element in a Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to add a new element in a set using add() function
'''

try:
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai'}

    # Before Adding Elements in Set
    print("Before Adding Elements in Set \n", car_companies)

    # Add a New Element using add() Function
    car_companies.add('Kia')

    # After Adding Elements in Set
    print("After Adding Elements in Set \n", car_companies)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					Before Adding Elements in Set 
 {'Suzuki', 'Hyundai', 'Changan', 'Honda', 'Toyota'}
After Adding Elements in Set 
 {'Suzuki', 'Hyundai', 'Changan', 'Honda', 'Kia', 'Toyota'}
  • Example 2 - Add a New Element in a Set using add() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Add a New Element in a Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to add a new element in a set using add() function
'''

try:
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}

    # Before Adding Elements in Set
    print("Before Adding Elements in Set \n", prime_numbers)

    # Add a New Element using add() Function
    prime_numbers.add(21)

    # After Adding Elements in Set
    print("After Adding Elements in Set \n", prime_numbers)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					Before Adding Elements in Set 
 {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
After Adding Elements in Set 
 {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 21}
  • Example 3 - Add a New Element in a Set using add() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Add a New Element in a Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to add a new element in a set using add() function
'''

try:
    vowels = { 'a','e','o','u'}

    # Before Adding Elements in Set
    print("Before Adding Elements in Set \n", vowels)

    # Add a New Element using add() Function
    vowels.add('i')

    # After Adding Elements in Set
    print("After Adding Elements in Set \n", vowels)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					Before Adding Elements in Set 
 {'u', 'a', 'e', 'o'}
After Adding Elements in Set 
 {'e', 'a', 'o', 'u', 'i'}

TODO and Your Turn

Operation 3 – Traverse

  • Methods to Traverse a Set
  • I have already presented methods to traverse a Set in the previous Section i.e.,
    • Access Element(s) of a Set

Operation 4 – Searching

  • Methods to Search Element(s) from a Set
  • In Sha Allah, in next Slides, I will present a method to search element(s) from a Set 
    • Method 1: Search a Specific Element from a Set
    • Method 2: Search Multiple Elements from a Set

Method 1: Search a Specific Element from a Set

  • Example 1 - Search a Specific Element from a Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Search a Specific Element from a Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to search a specific element from a set
'''

# Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Element in a Set

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}
     
    print("---Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Element in a Set---")

    element = 'Honda'
    
    # Using in operator to Search Element in a Set 
    if element in car_companies:
        print(element + " is in Set")
    else:
        print(element + " is not in Set")
except:
    print('Error Occurred')

print("-------------------------------------------")

# Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Element in a Set

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}
    
    print("---Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Element in a Set---")
    
    element = 'Toyota'
    
    # Using not in operator to Search Element in a Set 
    if element not in car_companies:
        print(element + " is not in Set")
    else:
        print(element + " is in Set")
except:
    print('Error Occurred')

				
			
				
					---Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Element in a Set---
Honda is in Set
-------------------------------------------
---Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Element in a Set---
Toyota is in Set
  • Example 2 - Search a Specific Element from a Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Search a Specific Element from a Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to search a specific element from a set
'''

# Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Element in a Set

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
     
    print("---Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Element in a Set---")

    element = "100"
    
    # Using in operator to Search Element in a Set 
    if element in prime_numbers:
        print(element + " is in Set")
    else:
        print(element + " is not in Set")
except:
    print('Error Occurred')

print("-------------------------------------------")

# Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Element in a Set

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
    
    print("---Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Element in a Set---")
    
    element = "60"
    
    # Using not in operator to Search Element in a Set 
    if element not in prime_numbers:
        print(element + " is not in Set")
    else:
        print(element + " is in Set")
except:
    print('Error Occurred')

				
			
				
					---Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Element in a Set---
100 is not in Set
-------------------------------------------
---Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Element in a Set---
60 is not in Set
  • Example 3 - Search a Specific Element from a Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Search a Specific Element from a Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to search a specific element from a set
'''

# Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Element in a Set

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    vowels = {'a','e','i','o','u'}
     
    print("---Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Element in a Set---")

    element = 'u'
    
    # Using in operator to Search Element in a Set 
    if element in vowels:
        print(element + " is in Set")
    else:
        print(element + " is not in Set")
except:
    print('Error Occurred')

print("-------------------------------------------")

# Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Element in a Set

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    vowels = {'a','e','i','o','u'}
    
    print("---Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Element in a Set---")
    
    element = 's'
    
    # Using not in operator to Search Element in a Set 
    if element not in vowels:
        print(element + " is not in Set")
    else:
        print(element + " is in Set")
except:
    print('Error Occurred')

				
			
				
					---Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Element in a Set---
u is in Set
-------------------------------------------
---Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Element in a Set---
s is not in Set

Method 2: Search Multiple Elements from a Set

  • Example 1 - Search Multiple Elements from a Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Search Multiple Elements from a Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to search multiple elements from a set
'''

# Approach I – Using in Operator to search multiple elements from a set

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}
     
    print("---Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Elements in a Set---")
    
    # Using in operator to Search Elements in a Set 
    if 'Honda' in car_companies or 'Toyota' in car_companies:
        print("Car is in Set")
    else:
        print("Car is not in Set")
except:
    print('Error Occurred')

print("-------------------------------------------")

# Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Multiple Elements from a Set

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}
    
    print("---Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Elements in a Set---")
    
    # Using not in operator to Search Elements in a Set 
    if 'Yamaha' not in car_companies and 'Toyota' not in car_companies:
        print("Car is not in Set")
    else:
        print("Car is in Set")
except:
    print('Error Occurred')
				
			
				
					---Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Elements in a Set---
Car is in Set
-------------------------------------------
---Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Elements in a Set---
Car is in Set
  • Example 2 - Search Multiple Elements from a Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_nam 		= Search Multiple Elements from a Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to search multiple elements from a set
'''

# Approach I – Using in Operator to search multiple elements from a set

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
     
    print("---Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Elements in a Set---")
 
    # Using in operator to Search Elements in a Set 
    if "21" in prime_numbers or "65" in prime_numbers:
        print("Number is in Set")
    else:
        print("Number is not in Set")
except:
    print('Error Occurred')

print("-------------------------------------------")

# Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Multiple Elements from a Set

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
    
    print("---Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Elements in a Set---")   
    
    # Using not in operator to Search Elements in a Set 
    if "45" in prime_numbers or "13" in prime_numbers:
        print("Number is not in Set")
    else:
        print("Number is in Set")
except:
    print('Error Occurred')

				
			
				
					---Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Elements in a Set---
Number is not in Set
-------------------------------------------
---Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Elements in a Set---
Number is in Set
  • Example 3 - Search Multiple Elements from a Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Search Multiple Elements from a Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to search multiple elements from a set
'''

# Approach I – Using in Operator to search multiple elements from a set

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    vowels = {'a','e','i','o','u'}
     
    print("---Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Elements in a Set---")
    
    # Using in operator to Search Elements in a Set 
    if 'a' in vowels or 't' in vowels:
        print("alphabet is in Set")
    else:
        print("alphabet is not in Set")
except:
    print('Error Occurred')

print("-------------------------------------------")

# Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Multiple Elements from a Set

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    vowels = {'a','e','i','o','u'}
    
    print("---Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Elements in a Set---")
       
    # Using not in operator to Search Elements in a Set 
    if 'b' in vowels or 'm' in vowels:
        print("alphabet is in Set")
    else:
        print("alphabet is not in Set")
except:
    print('Error Occurred')
				
			
				
					---Approach I – Using in Operator to Search Elements in a Set---
alphabet is in Set
-------------------------------------------
---Approach II – Using not in Operator to Search Elements in a Set---
alphabet is not in Set

TODO and Your Turn

Operation 5 – Sorting

  • Methods to Sorting a Set
  • In Sha Allah, in next Slides, I will present three methods of sorting a Set 
    • Method 1: Sort a Set Alphabetically
    • Method 2: Sort a Set in Ascending Order
    • Method 3: Sort a Set in Descending Order
  • sorted() Function
  • Function Name
    • sorted()
  • Syntax
				
					set.sorted([func])
         OR	
set.sort(key, reverse)
  • Purpose
    • The main purpose of sorted() function is to
      • Alphabetically sort a Set

Sort a Set Alphabetically

  • Example 1 – Sort a Set Alphabetically – Using sorted() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Sort a Set Alphabetically
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to sort a Set alphabetically
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}
    
    print('---Original Set before using sorted() Function---')
    print(car_companies)    
     
    # Using sorted() Function to sort a Set Alphabetically
    sorted_order = sorted(car_companies)

    print('---New Set after using sorted() Function---')
    print(sorted_order)
except:
    print('Error Occurred')
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using sorted() Function---
{'Suzuki', 'Hyundai', 'Honda', 'Changan', 'Toyota', 'Kia'}
---New Set after using sorted() Function---
['Changan', 'Honda', 'Hyundai', 'Kia', 'Suzuki', 'Toyota']
  • Example 2 – Sort a Set Alphabetically – Using sorted() Function 
				
					''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Sort a Set Alphabetically
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022 
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to sort a Set alphabetically
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
    
    print('---Original Set before using sorted() Function---')
    print(prime_numbers)    
     
    # Using sorted() Function to sort a Set Alphabetically
    sorted_order = sorted(prime_numbers)

    print('---New Set after using sorted() Function---')
    print(sorted_order)
except:
    print('Error Occurred')
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using sorted() Function---
{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
---New Set after using sorted() Function---
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19]
  • Example 3 – Sort a Set Alphabetically – Using sorted() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Sort a Set Alphabetically
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022 
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to sort a Set alphabetically
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    vowels = { 'a','e','i','o','u'}
    
    print('---Original Set before using sorted() Function---')
    print(vowels)    
     
    # Using sorted() Function to sort a Set Alphabetically
    sorted_order = sorted(vowels)

    print('---New Set after using sorted() Function---')
    print(sorted_order)
except:
    print('Error Occurred')
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using sorted() Function---
{'a', 'u', 'i', 'o', 'e'}
---New Set after using sorted() Function---
['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']

Sort a Set in Ascending Order

  • Example 1 – Sort a Set in Ascending Order – Using sorted() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Sort a Set in Ascending Order
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to sort a Set in ascending order
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}
    
    print('---Original Set before using sorted() Function---')
    print(car_companies)    
     
    # Using sorted() Function to sort a Set in Ascending Order
    sorted_order = sorted(car_companies, reverse = False)

    print('---New Set after using sorted() Function---')
    print(sorted_order)
except:
    print('Error Occurred')
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using sorted() Function---
{'Kia', 'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Hyundai', 'Honda', 'Toyota'}
---New Set after using sorted() Function---
['Changan', 'Honda', 'Hyundai', 'Kia', 'Suzuki', 'Toyota']
  • Example 2 – Sort a Set in Ascending Order – Using sorted() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Sort a Set in Ascending Order
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to sort a Set in ascending order
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
    
    print('---Original Set before using sorted() Function---')
    print(prime_numbers)    
     
    # Using sorted() Function to sort a Set in Ascending Order
    sorted_order = sorted(prime_numbers, reverse = False)

    print('---New Set after using sorted() Function---')
    print(sorted_order)
except:
    print('Error Occurred')
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using sorted() Function---
{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
---New Set after using sorted() Function---
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19]
  • Example 3 – Sort a Set in Ascending Order – Using sorted() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Sort a Set in Ascending Order
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to sort a Set in ascending order
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    vowels = { 'a','e','i','o','u'}
    
    print('---Original Set before using sorted() Function---')
    print(vowels)    
     
    # Using sorted() Function to sort a Set in Ascending Order
    sorted_order = sorted(vowels, reverse = False)

    print('---New Set after using sorted() Function---')
    print(sorted_order)
except:
    print('Error Occurred')
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using sorted() Function---
{'o', 'e', 'u', 'i', 'a'}
---New Set after using sorted() Function---
['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']

Sort a Set in Descending Order

  • Example 1 – Sort a Set in Descending Order – Using sorted() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Sort a Set in Descending Order
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to sort a Set in descending order
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}
    
    print('---Original Set before using sorted() Function---')
    print(car_companies)    
     
    # Using sorted() Function to sort a Set in Descending Order
    sorted_order = sorted(car_companies, reverse = True)

    print('---New Set after using sorted() Function---')
    print(sorted_order)
except:
    print('Error Occurred')
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using sorted() Function---
{'Kia', 'Hyundai', 'Suzuki', 'Changan', 'Toyota', 'Honda'}
---New Set after using sorted() Function---
['Toyota', 'Suzuki', 'Kia', 'Hyundai', 'Honda', 'Changan']
  • Example 2 – Sort a Set in Descending Order – Using sorted() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Sort a Set in Descending Order
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to sort a Set in descending order
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
    
    print('---Original Set before using sorted() Function---')
    print(prime_numbers)    
     
    # Using sorted() Function to sort a Set in Descending Order
    sorted_order = sorted(prime_numbers, reverse = True)

    print('---New Set after using sorted() Function---')
    print(sorted_order)
except:
    print('Error Occurred')
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using sorted() Function---
{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
---New Set after using sorted() Function---
[19, 17, 13, 11, 7, 5, 3, 2]
  • Example 3 – Sort a Set in Descending Order – Using sorted() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Sort a Set in Descending Order
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to sort a Set in descending order
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    vowels = { 'a','e','i','o','u'}
    
    print('---Original Set before using sorted() Function---')
    print(vowels)    
     
    # Using sorted() Function to sort a Set in Descending Order
    sorted_order = sorted(vowels, reverse = True)

    print('---New Set after using sorted() Function---')
    print(sorted_order)
except:
    print('Error Occurred')
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using sorted() Function---
{'i', 'o', 'u', 'e', 'a'}
---New Set after using sorted() Function---
['u', 'o', 'i', 'e', 'a']

TODO and Your Turn

Operation 6 – Merge

  • Methods of Merging Sets
  • In Sha Allah, in next Slides, I will present two methods to merge / join Sets
    • Method 1: Join Sets using update() Function
    • Method 2: Join Sets using union() Function
  • update() Function
  • Function Name
    • update()
  • Syntax
				
					set.update([func])
  • Purpose
    • The main purpose of update() function is to
      • Update / Join Data Value(s) in a Sets
  • union() Function
  • Function Name
    • union()
  • Syntax
				
					set.union([func])
  • Purpose
    • The main purpose of union() function is to
      • Join Data Value(s) in a Sets

Method 1: Join Sets using update() Function

  • Example 1 – Join Sets using update() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Join Sets using update() Function 
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to join sets using update() function
'''

try:
    # Initialize Sets
    set_even_numbers = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
    set_odd_numbers = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19}    
    
    print('---Original Set before Merging---')
    print(set_even_numbers)   
    print(set_odd_numbers)    

    print('---New Set after Merging---')

    # Using update() Function to Concatenate Sets
    set_even_numbers.update(set_odd_numbers)
    print(set_even_numbers) 
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Original Set before Merging---
{2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19}
---New Set after Merging---
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}

Method 2: Join Sets using union() Function

  • Example 1 – Join Sets using union() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Join Sets using union() Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to join sets using union() function 
'''

try:
    # Initialize Sets
    set_even_numbers = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
    set_odd_numbers = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19}    
    
    print('---Original Set before Merging---')
    print(set_even_numbers)   
    print(set_odd_numbers)    

    print('---New Set after Merging---')
    # Using union() Function to Concatenate Sets
    natural_numbers = set_even_numbers.union(set_odd_numbers)
    print(natural_numbers) 
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Original Set before Merging---
{2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19}
---New Set after Merging---
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}

TODO and Your Turn

Operation 7 – Updation

  • Methods of Updating a Set
  • In Sha Allah, in next Slides, I will present a method to update a Set
    • Method 1: Update Set using update() Function
  • Example 1 - Update Set using update() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Update Set using update() Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to update set using update() function
'''

# Approach I – Update two Sets using update() Function

try:
    print('---Approach I - Update two Sets using update() Function---')
    
    # Initialize Sets
    set_even_numbers = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
    set_odd_numbers = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19}    
    
    print('---Original Sets before Updating---')
    print(set_even_numbers)
    print(set_odd_numbers)

    # Update Sets using update() Function
    print('---New Set after Updating---')
    set_even_numbers.update(set_odd_numbers)
    print(set_even_numbers)   
except:
    print("Error Occurred")

print("----------------------------------------------------------")

# Approach II – Update more than two Sets using update() Function

try:
    print('---Approach II - Update more than two Sets using update() Function---')
    
    # Initialize Sets
    set_even_numbers = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
    set_odd_numbers = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19}
    set_whole_number = {0}    
      
    print('---Original Sets before Updating---')
    print(set_even_numbers)
    print(set_odd_numbers)

    # Update Sets using update() Function
    print('---New Set after Updating---')
    set_even_numbers.update(set_odd_numbers, set_whole_number)
    print(set_even_numbers)   
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Approach I - Update two Sets using update() Function---
---Original Sets before Updating---
{2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19}
---New Set after Updating---
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}
----------------------------------------------------------
---Approach II - Update more than two Sets using update() Function---
---Original Sets before Updating---
{2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19}
---New Set after Updating---
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}

TODO and Your Turn

Operation 8 – Deletion

  • Removing elements from a set
  • In Sha Allah, in this Example, we will show how to delete a Set using following four approaches:
    • Approach 1: Discard() built-in Function
    • Approach 2: Pop() built-in Function
    • Approach 3: Clear() built-in Function
    • Approach 4: Remove() built-in Function
  • discard() Function
  • Function Name
    • discard()
  • Syntax
				
					set.discard([func])
  • Purpose
    • The main purpose of discard() function is to
      • Remove a specific element from the set
  • pop() Function
  • Function Name
    • pop()
  • Syntax
				
					set.pop()
  • Purpose
    • The main purpose of pop() function is to
      • Remove and returns a random element from the set
  • clear() Function
  • Function Name
    • clear()
  • Syntax
				
					set.clear()
  • Purpose
    • The main purpose of clear() function is to
      • Remove all elements from the set
  • remove() Function
  • Function Name
    • remove()
  • Syntax
				
					set.remove([func])
  • Purpose
    • The main purpose of remove() function is to
      • Remove a specific element from the Set. If the specified element is not found, raise an error

Remove Specific Elements from Set using discard() Function

  • Example 1 – Remove Specific Elements from Set using discard() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Remove Specific Elements from Set using discard() Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to Remove Specific Elements from Set using discard() Function 
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}
    
    print('---Original Set before using discard() Function---')
    print(car_companies)   

    # Remove Specific Element from Set using discard() Function  
    print('---New Set after using discard() Function---')
    car_companies.discard('Suzuki')
    print(car_companies)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using discard() Function---
{'Changan', 'Hyundai', 'Kia', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota'}
---New Set after using discard() Function---
{'Changan', 'Hyundai', 'Kia', 'Honda', 'Toyota'}
  • Example 2 – Remove Specific Elements from Set using discard() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Remove Specific Elements from Set using discard() Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to Remove Specific Elements from Set using discard() Function 
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
    
    print('---Original Set before using discard() Function---')
    print(prime_numbers)   

    # Remove Specific Element from Set using discard() Function  
    print('---New Set after using discard() Function---')
    prime_numbers.discard(13)
    print(prime_numbers)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using discard() Function---
{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
---New Set after using discard() Function---
{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 17, 19}
  • Example 3 – Remove Specific Elements from Set using discard() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Remove Specific Elements from Set using discard() Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to Remove Specific Elements from Set using discard() Function 
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    vowels = { 'a','e','i','o','u'}    

    print('---Original Set before using discard() Function---')
    print(vowels)   

    # Remove Specific Element from Set using discard() Function   
    print('---New Set after using discard() Function---')
    vowels.discard('a')
    print(vowels)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using remove() Function---
{'e', 'i', 'u', 'o', 'a'}
---New Set after using remove() Function---
{'e', 'i', 'u', 'o'}

Remove Random Elements from Set using pop() Function

  • Example 1 – Remove Random Elements from Set using pop() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Remove Random Elements from Set using pop() Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to Remove Random Elements from Set using pop() Function 
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}
    
    print('---Original Set before using pop() Function---')
    print(car_companies)   

    # Remove Random Element from Set using pop() Function  
    print('---New Set after using pop() Function---')
    car_companies.pop()
    print(car_companies)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using pop() Function---
{'Suzuki', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia', 'Changan', 'Honda'}
---New Set after using pop() Function---
{'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia', 'Changan', 'Honda'}
  • Example 2 – Remove Random Elements from Set using pop() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Remove Random Elements from Set using pop() Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to Remove Random Elements from Set using pop() Function 
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
    
    print('---Original Set before using pop() Function---')
    print(prime_numbers)   

    # Remove Random Element from Set using pop() Function  
    print('---New Set after using pop() Function---')
    prime_numbers.pop()
    print(prime_numbers)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using pop() Function---
{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
---New Set after using pop() Function---
{3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
  • Example 3 – Remove Random Elements from Set using pop() Function 
				
					''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Remove Random Elements from Set using pop() Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to Remove Random Elements from Set using pop() Function 
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    vowels = { 'a','e','i','o','u'}    

    print('---Original Set before using pop() Function---')
    print(vowels)   

    # Remove Random Element from Set using pop() Function   
    print('---New Set after using pop() Function---')
    vowels.pop()
    print(vowels)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using pop() Function---
{'e', 'i', 'o', 'a', 'u'}
---New Set after using pop() Function---
{'i', 'o', 'a', 'u'}

Remove Set using clear() Function

  • Example 1 – Remove Set - Using clear() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Remove Set using clear() Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to remove set using clear() function
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}
    
    print('---Original Set before using clear() Function---')
    print(car_companies)   

    # Remove Set using clear() Function
    
    print('---New Set after using clear() Function---')
    car_companies.clear()
    print(car_companies)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using clear() Function---
{'Honda', 'Hyundai', 'Kia', 'Toyota', 'Changan', 'Suzuki'}
---New Set after using clear() Function---
set()
  • Example 2 – Remove Set - Using clear() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Remove Set using clear() Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to remove set using clear() function
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
    
    print('---Original Set before using clear() Function---')
    print(prime_numbers)   

    # Remove Set using clear() Function
    
    print('---New Set after using clear() Function---')
    prime_numbers.clear()
    print(prime_numbers)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using clear() Function---
{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
---New Set after using clear() Function---
set()
  • Example 3 – Remove Set - Using clear() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Remove Set using clear() Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to remove set using clear() function
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    vowels = { 'a','e','i','o','u'}    

    print('---Original Set before using clear() Function---')
    print(vowels)   

    # Remove Set using clear() Function
    
    print('---New Set after using clear() Function---')
    vowels.clear()
    print(vowels)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using clear() Function---
{'o', 'i', 'a', 'e', 'u'}
---New Set after using clear() Function---
set()

Remove Specific Elements from Set using remove() Function

  • Example 1 – Remove Specific Elements from Set using remove() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Remove Specific Elements from Set using remove() Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to Remove Specific Elements from Set using remove() Function 
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}
    
    print('---Original Set before using remove() Function---')
    print(car_companies)   

    # Remove Specific Element from Set using remove() Function  
    print('---New Set after using remove() Function---')
    car_companies.remove('Suzuki')
    print(car_companies)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using remove() Function---
{'Changan', 'Hyundai', 'Kia', 'Toyota', 'Honda', 'Suzuki'}
---New Set after using remove() Function---
{'Changan', 'Hyundai', 'Kia', 'Toyota', 'Honda'}
  • Example 2 – Remove Specific Elements from Set using remove() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Remove Specific Elements from Set using remove() Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to Remove Specific Elements from Set using remove() Function 
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
    
    print('---Original Set before using remove() Function---')
    print(prime_numbers)   

    # Remove Specific Element from Set using remove() Function  
    print('---New Set after using remove() Function---')
    prime_numbers.remove(5)
    print(prime_numbers)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using remove() Function---
{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
---New Set after using remove() Function---
{2, 3, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
  • Example 3 – Remove Specific Elements from Set using remove() Function 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Remove Specific Elements from Set using remove() Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to Remove Specific Elements from Set using remove() Function 
'''

try:
    # Initialize a Set
    vowels = { 'a','e','i','o','u'}    

    print('---Original Set before using remove() Function---')
    print(vowels)   

    # Remove Specific Element from Set using remove() Function   
    print('---New Set after using remove() Function---')
    vowels.remove('i')
    print(vowels)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Original Set before using remove() Function---
{'e', 'o', 'i', 'u', 'a'}
---New Set after using remove() Function---
{'e', 'o', 'u', 'a'}

TODO and Your Turn

Nested Sets

  • Nested Sets
  • Question
    • Can you have nested sets in Python?
  • Answer
    • Nested sets cannot contain mutable values including sets.
  • Solution
    • Frozenset
      • A frozenset is very similar to a set except that a frozenset is immutable.

Frozen Sets

  • Frozen Sets
  • Definition
    • A frozen set in Python is like a combination of tuples and sets.
    • Frozen sets cannot be added or removed once created
    • forzenset() takes input as any iterable object and converts them into an immutable object. The order of elements is not guaranteed to be preserved
  • Purpose
    • Frozenset object are immutable they are mainly used as key in dictionary or elements of other sets
    • They are used to carry out mathematical set operations
  • Characteristics
    • A frozen set has the following characteristics:
      • No Duplication
      • Unordered
      • Immutable
  • Syntax
    • The Syntax to declare a Sets is as follows:
				
					frozenset(iterable)
  • Example 1 – Initialize a Frozen Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Initialize a Frozen Set
programming_language 	= Python	
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to initialize a frozen set and display its content (data values) on the Output Screen
'''

try: 
    # Initialize a Set
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}       

    # Convert Set to Frozen Set
    frozensets = frozenset(car_companies)

    # Display Data Values of a Frozenset
    print("Data Values of Frozenset:", frozensets)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Frozenset using type() Function    
    print("Data-Type of Frozenset:", type(frozensets))

    # Display Length of a Frozenset using len() Function
    print("Length of Frozenset:", len(frozensets))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					Data Values of Frozenset: frozenset({'Toyota', 'Honda', 'Suzuki', 'Kia', 'Changan', 'Hyundai'})
Data-Type of Frozenset: <class 'frozenset'>
Length of Frozenset: 6
  • Example 2 – Initialize a Frozen Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Initialize a Frozen Set
programming_language 	= Python	
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to initialize a frozen set and display its content (data values) on the Output Screen
'''

try: 
    # Initialize a Set
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}

    # Convert Set to Frozen Set
    frozensets = frozenset(prime_numbers)

    # Display Data Values of a Frozenset
    print("Data Values of Frozenset:", frozensets)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Frozenset using type() Function    
    print("Data-Type of Frozenset:", type(frozensets))

    # Display Length of a Frozenset using len() Function
    print("Length of Frozenset:", len(frozensets))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					Data Values of Frozenset: frozenset({2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19})
Data-Type of Frozenset: <class 'frozenset'>
Length of Frozenset: 8
  • Example 3 – Initialize a Frozen Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Initialize a Frozen Set
programming_language 	= Python	
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 29-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 3-Jul-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to initialize a frozen set and display its content (data values) on the Output Screen
'''

try: 
    # Initialize a Set
    vowels = { 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'}

    # Convert Set to Frozen Set
    frozensets = frozenset(vowels)

    # Display Data Values of a Frozenset
    print("Data Values of Frozenset:", frozensets)
    
    # Display Data-Type of a Frozenset using type() Function    
    print("Data-Type of Frozenset:", type(frozensets))

    # Display Length of a Frozenset using len() Function
    print("Length of Frozenset:", len(frozensets))
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					Data Values of Frozenset: frozenset({'a', 'o', 'u', 'i', 'e'})
Data-Type of Frozenset: <class 'frozenset'>
Length of Frozenset: 5

Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set

  • Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set
  • We cannot access individual values in a frozen set. We can only access all the elements together by looping through the frozen set
  • Example 1 - Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set 
				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to access element(s) of a Frozen Set
'''

try:  
    car_companies = {'Changan', 'Suzuki', 'Honda', 'Toyota', 'Hyundai', 'Kia'}

    # Convert Set to Frozen Set
    frozensets = frozenset(car_companies)

    # Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set by Iterating through Elements Altogether
    print("---Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set by Iterating through Elements---")

    for elements in frozensets:
        print(elements)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set by Iterating through Elements---
Honda
Hyundai
Suzuki
Changan
Kia
Toyota
  • Example 2 - Access Element(s) of a Set 
				
					''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to access element(s) of a Frozen Set
'''

try:  
    prime_numbers = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}

    # Convert Set to Frozen Set
    frozensets = frozenset(prime_numbers)

    # Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set by Iterating through Elements Altogether
    print("---Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set by Iterating through Elements---")

    for elements in frozensets:
        print(elements)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set by Iterating through Elements---
2
3
5
7
11
13
17
19
  • Example 3 - Access Element(s) of a Set 
				
					''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to access element(s) of a Frozen Set
'''

try:  
    vowels = { 'a','e','i','o','u'}

    # Convert Set to Frozen Set
    frozensets = frozenset(vowels)

    # Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set by Iterating through Elements Altogether
    print("---Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set by Iterating through Elements---")

    for elements in frozensets:
        print(elements)
except:
    print("Error Occurred")
				
			
				
					---Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set by Iterating through Elements---
e
i
u
a
o

Operations on Frozen Sets

  • Operations of Frozen Sets
  • Since frozenset is immutable, there are no methods available to alter its elements. So add(), remove(), update(), pop() etc. functions are not defined for frozenset

TODO and Your Turn

Pass Set to a Function

				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Pass Set to a Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to pass set to a Function and display the result on the Output Screen
'''

def set_of_characters(characters):
    print("---Set of Special Characters---")
    for character in characters:
        print(character)
    
if __name__ == "__main__":  # main() Function
    try: 
        # Initializing a Set
        characters = {'*','@','#','$','&'}

        # Function Call
        set_of_characters(characters)
    except ValueError:
        print("Error! Enter Valid Values") 
				
			
				
					---Set of Special Characters---
@
*
$
&
#

TODO and Your Turn

Pass Frozen Set to a Function

				
					'''
Author and System Information 
author_name 		= Ms. Samavi Salman
program_name 		= Pass Frozen Set to a Function
programming_language 	= Python
operating_system  	= Windows 10 
ide 				= Jupyter Notebook
licence 			= public_domain_1.0
start_date 		      = 21-Jun-2022
end_data 			= 21-Jun-2022
'''

'''
Purpose of Program 
The main purpose of the program is to pass frozen set to a function and display the result on the Output Screen
'''

def set_of_characters(characters):
    print("---Set of Special Characters---")
    for character in characters:
        print(character)
    
if __name__ == "__main__":  # main() Function
    try: 
        # Initializing a Set
        characters = {'*','@','#','$','&'}

       # Convert Set to Frozen Set
        frozensets = frozenset(characters)

        # Function Call
        set_of_characters(frozensets)
    except ValueError:
        print("Error! Enter Valid Values")   
				
			
				
					---Set of Special Characters---
$
*
#
&
@

TODO and Your Turn

Chapter Summary

  • Chapter Summary

In this Chapter, I presented the following main concepts:

  • Sets
    • Definition
      • The set—an unordered and unindexed collection of unique and immutable objects that supports operations corresponding to mathematical set theory. An item appears only once in a set, no matter how many times it is added
  • Set Declaration
    • A Set can be declared using two methods
      • Method 1: Use {}
      • Method 2: Use set() Function
  • Initializing a Set
    • Following two Methods are used for set initialization
      • Method 1: Building a Complete Set
      • Method 2: Building a Set Incrementally
  • Access Element(s) of a Set
    • We cannot access individual values in a set. We can only access all the elements together by looping through the set
  • Operations on Set
    • Operation 1 – Creation
    • Operation 2 – Insertion
    • Operation 3 – Traversal
    • Operation 4 – Searching
    • Operation 5 – Sorting
    • Operation 6 – Merging
    • Operation 7 – Updation
    • Operation 8 – Deletion
  • Nested Sets
    • Question
      • Can you have nested sets in Python?
    • Answer
      • Nested sets cannot contain mutable values including sets.
    • Solution
      • Frozenset
        • A frozenset is very similar to a set except that a frozenset is immutable.
  • Frozen Sets
    • Definition
      • A frozen set in Python is like a combination of tuples and sets.
      • Frozen sets cannot be added or removed once created
      • forzenset() takes input as any iterable object and converts them into an immutable object. The order of elements is not guaranteed to be preserved
  • Access Element(s) of a Frozen Set
    • We cannot access individual values in a frozen set. We can only access all the elements together by looping through the frozen set
  • Operations of Frozen Sets
    • Since frozenset is immutable, there are no methods available to alter its elements. So add(), remove(), update(), pop() etc. functions are not defined for frozenset

In Next Chapter

  • In Next Chapter
  • In Sha Allah, in the next Chapter, I will present a detailed discussion on
  • File Handling in Python
Chapter 33 - Tuples
Chapter 35 - File Handling in Python
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