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Chapter 2 - Basics of Human Learning

Chapter Outline

  • Chapter Outline
  • Quick Recap
  • What is Human Learning
  • Human Learning Cycle
  • Deductive Learning vs. Inductive Learning
  • Chapter Summary

Quick Recap

  • Quick Recap – Introduction to Author and Book
  • In previous Chapter, I presented
    • The power of smile and appreciation
    • How to achieve excellence in both Technical Skills and Human Engineering through this Book?
    • A brief introduction of the authors of the Book
    • Course contents, course aims and course learning outcomes
    • Course development and teaching methodology

What is human learning

  • Goal - Human Learning
  • Question
    • What is the goal of human learning?
  • Answer
    • To recognize the Creator (God) of heavens and earth
  • Happiness, Peace, and Prosperity
  • Question
    • How can we have happiness, peace, and prosperity in this world and hereafter?
  • Answer
    • Use our body, mind, soul, and worldly things according to the instructions of the Creator (Allah)
  • Example – Using Things According to the Instructions of Manufacturer / Creator
  • Task
    • Using Your Car
  • Two Choices
    • Choice No. 1
      • Use your Car According to Instructions of the Manufacturer
    • Choice No. 2
      • Use your Car As You Wish
    • Outcome of Choice No. 1
      • Two main benefits
        1. You will enjoy the car ride yourself
        2. Society may also take benefit from your car
    • Outcome of Choice No. 2
      • Two main disadvantages
        1. You will not enjoy the car ride yourself
        2. Your car may also harm others
    • Conclusion
      • The main reason for disaster in your lives and the whole world is that
        • We (Muslims) are not using our body, mind, soul, and worldly things according to the Instructions (given in the Holy Quran) by our Creator (Allah)

 

  • Learning
  • Definition
    • “The acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught” (Reference: Definitions from Oxford Languages · Last visited: 2-Oct-2022)
  • Human Learning
  • Definition
    • A human is said to learn if his today (character) is better than his yesterday (character)
  • Purpose
    • To get excellence in character
      • A journey from

  • Importance
    • Without learning, we cannot get معرفت of Allah (Translation: Without learning, we cannot recognize the Creator (Allah))
  • Without learning, we cannot
    • understand how things in this world can be used to serve the humanity for sake of Allah
    • understand how to Improve the quality of life for an individual and society
  • Applications
    • Learning helps a human to
      • Understand how to follow the instructions of Creator (Allah) in all fields of life to live a happy, peaceful, and prosperous life in this world and hereafter
  • Signs of Learning
  • Question
    • What are the signs of learning?
  • Answer
    • The sign of learning is
      • purity in thinking
  • Example – Purity in Thinking
  • Task
    • Love and War
  • First Thought
    • All is fair in love and war
  • Second Thought
    • We are Muslims, we say, whether it love or war, it must be fair (Hazrat Tipu Sultan R.A.)

TODO and Your Turn​

Human Learning Cycle

  • Instance Space (X)
  • To learn a task, four main phases of Human Learning Cycle are
    1. Training / Learning Phase
    2. Testing / Evaluation Phase
    3. Application Phase
    4. Feedback Phase
  • Example – Human Learning Cycle
  • Task
    • Learn to Drive a Car
  • Training / Learning Phase
    • Trainee will Learn to Drive a Car (Task) from
      • a Trainer at a Training Center
    • Testing / Evaluation Phase
      • Performance of Trainee will be evaluated by
        • an Examiner at a Test Center

  • Application Phase
    • Assumption
      • Trainee performed well in Testing Phase and got a Driving License
      • After getting the Driving License, Trainee has become a Professional Driver
    • In Application Phase
      • Professional Driver will drive a car in real-world
    • Feedback Phase
      • Performance of Professional Driver is continuously monitored by Traffic Police

  • After 5 years, Professional Drive is re-evaluated

  • Note
    • This Human Learning Cycle continues till death 😊
  • Conclusion
    • Learning is a continuous process till death
    • Therefore, Be a Learner Till Death 😊
  • Subjectivity in Real-world
  • Problem
    • In real-world, majority of things are Subjective
  • Solution
    • Quantify
  • Subjectivity in Learning
  • Task
    • Learn Machine Learning
  • One Possible Approach
    • Take CSC315: Introduction to Machine Learning Course i.e. Training / Learning Phase
  • Problem
    • After taking the course, the question is
      • How much you have learned Machine Learning?
    • Note that the answer to this question is Subjective
  • Solution
    • Quantify the Degree of Learning
  • Note
    • When we Quantify things, we try to establish Standard Approach(es) / Practices for Quantification
  • Steps – Quantifying the Degree of Learning
  • Step 1: Define the Task
  • Step 2: Define Main Components of Training / Learning and Testing / Evaluation Phases using Standard Approach / Practice
    • Main Components of Training / Learning Phase
      • Trainer / Instructor
        • Standard Approach – Must be a Domain Expert
      • Standard Training / Learning Material
      • Standard Training / Learning Environment
      • Standard Training / Learning Methodology
    • Main Components of Testing / Evaluation Phase
      • Examiner / Invigilator
        • Standard Approach – Must be a Domain Expert
      • Standard Testing / Evaluation Material
      • Standard Testing / Evaluation Environment
      • Standard Testing / Evaluation Methodology
      • Standard Evaluation Measure
  • Step 3: Trainer will Train the Trainee on the Task during the Training Phase
  • Step 4: After the completion of Training Phase
    • Examiner will evaluate the performance of the Trainee on the Task that (s)he learned in Step 3 (i.e. Training Phase)
  • Step 5:

  • Step 6: After deployment in real-world i.e. Application Phase
    • Take Feedback from both Domain Experts and Users / Audience / Participants (Feedback Phase)
  • Step 7: Based on Feedback
    • Go to Step 2, and repeat all phases of Human Learning Cycle to further improve learning and keep doing this till deathe. Be a Learner till Death 😊
  • Example - Steps (Quantifying the Degree of Learning)
  • Step 1: Define the task
  • Task
    • Learn Machine Learning by taking the CSC315: Introduction to Machine Learning Course
  • Step 2: Define Main Components of Training / Learning and Testing / Evaluation Phases using Standard Approach / Practice
    • Main Components of Training / Learning Phase
      • Trainer / Instructor
        • Teacher with at least 18 years of Education
      • Standard Training / Learning Material
        • List of Topics to be taught
        • Lecture Slides / Notes
        • Best Seller Books on Machine Learning
        • Tutorials / Blogs on Machine Learning
      • Standard Training / Learning Environment
        • University classrooms, labs, library etc.
      • Standard Training / Learning Methodology
        • Number of Teaching Hours (Lectures + Tutorials Delivered)
        • Standard Approach
          • 3 hours / week for a total of 16 weeks
    • Main Components of Testing / Evaluation Phase
      • Examiner
      • Standard Approach – Teacher who taught the course
      • Standard Testing / Evaluation Material
        • List of Topics taught during the Training / Learning Phase
      • Standard Testing / Evaluation Environment
        • University Exam Rooms / Labs
      • Standard Testing / Evaluation Methodology
        • Take Quiz / Assignment / Exams
      • Standard Approach
        • 2 assignments / quizzes and 1 – 2 exams
      • Standard Evaluation Measure
        • Marks
      • Standard Approach – Scale [0 – 100]
        • 0 means no learning and 100 means perfect learning
  • Step 3: Trainer will Train the Trainees (Students) on the Task (Learn Machine Learning) during the Training Phase
    • Teacher will deliver lectures on various topics of Machine Learning and answer student’s queries to teach students Machine Learning
  • Step 4: After the completion of Training Phase
    • Examiner will evaluate the performance of the Trainee on the Task that (s)he learned in Step 3 (i.e. Training Phase)
    • Examiner (Teacher) will evaluate the performance of students using Standard Evaluation Tools i.e. Quiz / Assignment / Exams
  • Step 5:

  • Step 6: After deployment in Real-world i.e. Application Phase
    • Take Feedback from both Domain Experts and Users / Audience / Participants (Feedback Phase)
  • Student should take Feedback from his / her Teacher and other Domain Experts about his knowledge / expertise in Machine Learning
  • Step 7: Based on Feedback
    • Go to Step 2, and repeat all phases of Human Learning Cycle to further improve learning and keep doing this till deathe. Be a Learner till Death 😊
  • Student should further improve his knowledge about Machine Learning based on Feedback

TODO and Your Turn​

Deductive Learning vs. Inductive Learning

  • Two Main Types of Learning
  1. Deductive Learning
  2. Inductive Learning
  • Deductive Learning
  • Definition
    • Learning by using proven facts and knowledge
  • Purpose
    • To learn without making even a single mistake
      • e.g. , no wastage of time, effort, and resources 😊
  • Importance
    • Life is very short
  • Question
    • How to get success (become a balanced and characterful person) in this short life?
  • Answer
    • Use Deductive Learning Approach
  • Important Note
    • As a Muslim it is our belief, that the most successful person in this world (till the Day of Judgment) and hereafter is Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH)
    • Therefore, to quickly and easily get success in this world and hereafter
    • simply follow Hazrat Muhammad P.B.U.H in all matters of life 😊
  • Applications
    • You can very quickly and easily learn
          • آپ دنوں میں سالوں کا سفر کر سکتے ہیں 😊
  • Remarks – Deductive Learning
  • In Deductive Learning,
    • we learn from experts
    • we first learn a task, then experience it
    • no new knowledge is generated
    • there is no Scope of Error
  • Steps – Deductive Learning
  • Step 1: Define the Learning Task
  • Step 2: Search for the proven knowledge ( or success methods) used by the most successful person(s) who were an authority in the whole world in the Task you want to learn
  • Step 3: Simply follow proven knowledge (or success method)s used by the successful person(s) in the world and you will be successful in this life and hereafter
  • Two Main Approaches to Search for Proven Knowledge (or Success Methods)
  1. Meet and learn from the successful person(s) who became an authority in the whole world in the Task you want to learn
  2. Read books which describe the proven knowledge (or success methods) used by the successful people to get success in this world and hereafter
  • Example 1 - Steps (Deductive Learning)
  • Step 1: Define the Learning Task
    • Learning Task
      • Should I increase my income by taking interest (سود)?
    • Step 2: Search for the proven knowledge (or success methods) used by the most successful person(s) who were an authority in the whole world in the Task you want to learn
      • Allah (God) created us and He knows us better than anyone.
      • Allah revealed the Holy Quran on Our Beloved Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH)
      • As a Muslim it is our belief that the Holy Quran is the most authentic and reliable book in the whole Universe till the Day of Judgment
      • Regarding my learning task, Allah says in the Holy Quran

  • Step 3: Simply follow proven knowledge (or success methods) used by the successful person(s) in the world and you will be successful in this “life and hereafter:
    • Regarding my learning task, what I have learned from the verses of the Holy Quran (i.e., proven knowledge) is that
      • If I take interest (سود), I can never be successful in this life and hereafter because taking interest (سود) is war with Allah and His Prophet (PBUH) H
      • If I take interest (سود), my income will decrease and if I give charity (صدقہ) my income will increase
    • Conclusion
      • To increase income
        • Give charity (صدقہ) and
        • Don’t take interest (سود)
  • Example 2 - Steps (Deductive Learning)
  •  Step 1: Define the Learning Task
    • Learning Task
      • What will happen if I speak truth or lie?
  • Step 2: Search for the proven knowledge (or success methods) used by the most successful person(s) who were an authority in the whole world in the Task you want to learn
    • As a Muslim it is our belief that Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) is the Last Messenger of Allah and the most successful person in this world (till the Day of Judgment) and hereafter
      • The following six books contain authentic احادیث مبارکہ (quotes) of Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH)

  • Regarding my learning task, Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) said

  • Step 3: Simply follow proven knowledge (or success methods) used by the successful person(s) in the world and you will be successful in this life and hereafter
    • What I have learned from hadith of Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) is that
      • In any situation
        • if I speak the truth, I will get salvation (نجات) and
        • if I speak the lie (جھوٹ) then I will get destruction (ہلاکت)
  • Inductive Learning
  • Definition
    • Learning a general rule from specific examples of a task
  • Purpose
    • To experience things ourselves
  • Remarks – Inductive Learning
  • In Inductive Learning,
    • we learn from examples of a task
    • new knowledge is generated
    • there is Scope of Error
    • learning process is very slow
  • Steps – Inductive Learning
  • Step 1: Define the learning task
  • Step 2: Take examples of the task to be learned
  • Step 3: Learn from Examples
  • Step 4: Generalize the task learned from specific examples
  • Example - Steps (Inductive Learning)
  • Step 1: Define the learning task
    • Learning Task
      • What will happen if I speak truth or lie?
  • Step 2: Take example of the task to be learned
    • 1 example – if I speak 1 time (Truth / Lie)
    • 50 examples – if I speak 50 times (Truth / Lie)
    • 100 examples – if I speak 100 times (Truth / Lie)
    • Note
      • For more accurate learning, I need both Positive (speak truth) and Negative (speak lie) examples
  • Step 3: Learn from Examples
    • I speak (truth / lie) in 100 different situations
    • 50 times I speak truth
    • 30 times I got benefit / profit (نفع) and 20 times I got loss (نقصان)
    • 50 times I speak lie
    • 25 times I got benefit / profit (نفع) and 25 times I got loss (نقصان)
  • Step 4: Generalize the task learned from specific examples
    • To conclude, I learned that in majority cases, speaking truth is better than speaking lie
      • Note
        • As your experience (no. of times you speak (truth / lie) in different situations) will increase, you will reach the conclusion that

Speaking truth is good and speaking lie is bad

TODO and Your Turn​

Chapter Summary

  • Chapter Summary
  • Develop such a Machine which behaves like Human
    • It is essential to first understand
      • What is the ultimate goal of Human Learning?
      • How Human learns?
      • What are the main sources of Human Learning?
      • How efficiently and quickly a Human can learn?
      • How Human Heart and other body parts co-ordinate to learn?
      • What internal and external factors affect the Human Learning Process?
  • The goal of Human Learning is to
    • recognize the Creator (God) of heavens and earth
  • To have happiness, peace, and prosperity in this life and hereafter,
    • use your body, mind, soul and worldly things according to the instructions of the Creator (Allah)
  • A human is said to learn if his today (character) is better than his yesterday (character)
    • The sign of learning is, purity in thinking
  • Advice of My Respected Teacher.
    • Adeel! You are a teacher. Always remember.
    • When you supervise a female student, you should have same feelings for her as you have for your daughter
    • When you work in collaboration with a female colleague, you should have same feelings for her as you have for your sister
  • Learning is a Searching Problem, and it continues till death
  • To learn any Task, Human Learning Cycle comprises of four main Phases
  1. Training / Learning Phase
  2. Testing / Evaluation Phase
  3. Application Phase
  4. Feedback Phase
  • One of the major problems in Human Learning is how to Quantify the Degree of Learning because
    • in the Real-world, majority of things are Subjective
  • Generally, to Quantify the Degree of Learning Standard Approaches / Practices are established for a Task
  • To systematically learn a Task, use the following Step by Step approach
  • Step 1: Define the Task
  • Step 2: Define Main Components of Training / Learning and Testing / Evaluation Phases using Standard Approach / Practice
    • Main Components of Training / Learning Phase
      • Trainer / Instructor
        • Standard Approach – Must be a Domain Expert
      • Standard Training / Learning Material
      • Standard Training / Learning Environment
      • Standard Training / Learning Methodology
    • Main Components of Testing / Evaluation Phase
      • Examiner / Invigilator
        • Standard Approach – Must be a Domain Expert
      • Standard Testing / Evaluation Material
      • Standard Testing / Evaluation Environment
      • Standard Testing / Evaluation Methodology
      • Standard Evaluation Measure
  • Step 3: Trainer will Train the Trainee on the Task during the Training Phase
  • Step 4: After the completion of Training Phase
    • Examiner will evaluate the performance of the Trainee on the Task that (s)he learned in Step 3 (i.e. Training Phase)
  • Step 5: If (Performance in Testing Phase = Good)
    • Then
      • Allow the Trainee to perform the Task in real worlde. Application Phase
    • Else
      • Ask the Trainee to Go to Step 3 and take more Training and re-appear for Evaluation
      • Step 6: After deployment in Real-world i.e. Application Phase
        • Take Feedback from both Domain Experts and Users / Audience / Participants (Feedback Phase)
  • Step 7: Based on Feedback
    • Go to Step 2, and repeat all phases of Human Learning Cycle to further improve learning and keep doing this till deathe. Be a Learner till Death 😊
    • From Machine Learning perspective, Human Learning can be broadly categorized into
  1. Deductive Learning
  2. Inductive Learning
  • In Deductive Learning Approach, a Concept / Task is learned by using proven knowledge (or success methods)
  • To systematically learn a Task through Deductive Learning Approach, a Step by Step approach is as follows,
  • Step 1: Define the Learning Task
  • Step 2: Search for the proven knowledge (or success methods) used by the most successful person(s) who were an authority in the whole world in the Task you want to learn
  • Step 3: Simply follow proven knowledge (or success methods)used by the successful person(s) in the world and you will be successful in this life and hereafter
  • In Inductive Learning Approach, a Human learns from his own experiences
  • To systematically learn a Task using Inductive Learning Approach, a Step-by-Step approach is as follows
    • Step 1: Define the learning Task
    • Step 2: Take examples of the Task to be learned
    • Step 3: Learn from Examples
    • Step 4: Generalize the task learned from specific examples

In Next Chapter

  • In Next Chapter
  • In Sha Allah, in next Chapter, I will present
  • Basics of Machine Learning